Analog TV: Difference between revisions

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Analogue TV is the predecessor of [[DVB]]. It is expected that the various global analogue TV systems will eventually all be replaced in favour of the newer digital TV systems. In some countries, such as Germany for example, analogue TV is no longer available, having been completely replaced by [[DVB-T]] (in the case of terrestrial broadcasts). In many other countries, the transition to digital is expected to occur much more slowly, and both analogue and digital TV systems will operate concurrently for some time to come. Yet still, in other countries, the switch to a digital TV system hasn't even begun, or is only in a trial phase, and, thus, an analogue TV system remains the relevant distribution method for transmissions in that locality.
== Introduction ==


Regardless of the actual schedule or pace for the transition to digital, the analogue TV standards will maintain considerable relevance into the foreseeable future due to their interrelatedness with the analogue outputs found on many types of existing consumer hardware; such as analogue camcorders, VCR/VHS players, most DVD players and so forth. Thus, even when analogue TV tuner devices will eventually only be able to pick up static off the airwaves (i.e. rendered completely obsolete), there will likely still be plenty of interest in using the analogue input signal facilities offered by framegrabber devices.
Analog TV is the predecessor of DVB. In some countries like Germany Analog TV is not available anymore and is exchanged by DVB-T, in other ones Analog and Digital TV are expected to live in peaceful coexistence for a while. If you own ancient hardware like analog camcorders or want to archive your old VHS archive you may be interested in using an analog framegrabber card in the future, too.


== TV standards ==
== Analogue TV Standards ==
ITU-T defines ''monochrome'' television systems designated A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N. (A, C, E and F are no longer in use). They are esentially the same, but differ in the number of lines per field (405/525/625/819), frame rate (25/29.97), channel width, visual band width, vestigial band width, video modulation polarity (+/-), sound modulation type (AM/FM) and sound frequency offset (-6.5/-3.5/+4.5/+5.5/+5.996/+6.5/+13.5 MHz).


A summary of the monochromatic standards is provided in the following table:
There are three TV standards for analog TV.


{| class="wikitable"
=== PAL ===
|+'''ITU-R defined video standards'''
! Standard !! A !! B !! C !! D !! E !! F !! G !! H !! I !! K !! L !! M !! N
|-
| Number of lines || 405 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 819 || 819 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 525 || 625
|-
| Field Rate (Hz) || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 59.94 || 50
|-
| Frame Rate (Hz) || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 29.97 || 25
|-
| Color Subcarrier Frequency
(on associated color std)
| - || 4.43 MHz || - || 4.43 MHz || - || - || 4.43 MHz || 4.43 MHz || 4.43 MHz
| 4.406 MHz || 4.406 MHz || 3.579545 MHz (NTSC) <br>or<br> 3.575611 MHz (PAL)
| 3.58 MHz
|-
| Channel Bandwidth (MHz) || 5 || 7 || 7 || 8 || 14 || 7 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 6 || 6
|-
| Audio modulation || AM || FM || AM || FM || AM || AM || FM || FM || FM || FM || AM || FM || FM
|-
|}


A color TV system is obtained by adding a color subcarrier encoded by one of the three color systems: PAL, SECAM or NTSC. Theoretically one can combine any picture system with any color system. In practice only some combinations are used. The frequency of the color subcarrier is generally
PAL (''Phase Alternation Line'')

Standard for transmission of analog tv, developed by W. Bruch. This standard is widely used in west-europe for analog TV. Resolution: 625 Lines, 50 half frames per second, 4:3. The extension of PAL is PAL plus
Example: PAL-I, the I television system with PAL color is used in Britain.


=== SECAM ===
=== SECAM ===
SECAM (''Sequential Couleur A Mémoire'') is a color standard used on France, Russia, and few countries at Central, East Europe, America, Africa and Asia. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards B, G, D, K and L (so, its typical resolution is 625 Lines, 25 frames per second).

See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAM SECAM page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.
SECAM (''Sequential Couleur A Mémoire'') is a standard like PAL, but not widely used. (France, Russia) Resolution: 625 Lines, 25 frames per second.


=== NTSC ===
=== NTSC ===
NTSC (''National Television System Comitee'') is widely used in America, Canada and Japan. Resolution: 525 Lines, 60 half frames per second. Less quality then PAL, therefore sometimes called '''Never The Same Color'''. ;-)
NTSC (''National Television System Committee'') is used in USA, Canada, and Japan. It is generally associated with monochromatic standard M (NTSC/M), so, its typical resolution is 525 Lines, about 30 frames per second. Less quality than PAL, therefore sometimes called '''Never Twice the Same Color''', since the colors can shift as the phase of the color subcarrier shifts on broadcast. ;-)
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC NTSC page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.


=== PAL ===
== Analog TV Hardware and Framegrabber cards ==
PAL (''Phase Alternating Line'') is the most widely used color standard for analog TV in the world, used almost everywhere. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards with a resolution of 625 Lines, 50 half frames per second. It can also be associated with M standard (PAL/M), having a resolution of 525 lines, about 30 frames per second. It is generally associated with 4:3 aspect. There is a 16:9 extension of PAL called PALplus. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL PAL page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.

For analog TV you can use

* Brooktree [[BT878|BT848/878]] based analog TV cards using the [http://linux.bytesex.org/v4l2/bttv.html bttv] driver, good support but no hardware MPEG Encoder

* Hauppauge PVR 250/350 and similar cards based on the cx23415/cx23416 chip using the [http://ivtv.sourceforge.net/ ivtv] driver, please have a look at [http://chriskennedy.kicks-ass.net/~ckennedy/ivtv/ Chris Kennedys site]. These cards are really good and have an onboard MPEG encoder (both cards) and an MPEG decoder with TV-out (PVR 350 only). Both of them are supported by ivtv. May these forum might be interesting for you too: [http://www.shspvr.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5639 link]

* Hauppauge PVR cards, the predecessor of that cards mentioned before with an old-style unsupported Visiontech Kfir MPEG hardware encoder. Barely supported under linux with the [http://sourceforge.net/projects/pvr/ pvr driver], better check the current project status before you spent too much money for these cards.

* Hauppauge WinTV USB and similar cards with the [http://pvrusb.sourceforge.net/ pvrusb driver]

* Hauppauge WinTV USB2 and similar cards with these drivers: [http://pvrusb2.dax.nu/ link] [http://justiceforall.free.fr/pvrusb2.html link]

* Conexant 2388x chip (rather new) based cards [http://linux.bytesex.org/v4l2/cx88.html driver link]

* Zoran based cards like Pinnacle DC10 [http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net/driver-zoran/ link]

Please also check the [http://www.video4linux.net/ video4linux homepage] to get a complete overview of TV cards supported by the Video4Linux drivers.


== Links to Analog TV related sites ==
== Hardware Devices supporting Analog TV and/or Framegrabbing facilities==
A large number of devices are supported under Linux with which an analogue source signal (analogue TV transmission or otherwise, such as from an A/V output from a consumer device like a DVD player) can be inputted into a host computer system. Some examples of which can be found under:
* Conexant (Brooktree) based analog TV cards using the [[Bttv devices (bt848, bt878) | bttv]] driver - very stable, good support but no hardware MPEG Encoder;
* Conexant [[cx18 devices (cx23418) | cx18]] driver - it is a recent driver. Supports analog and digital TV. It also supports MPEG encoder;
* Conexant [[cx88 devices (cx2388x) |cx88]] driver - stable, good support. A few boards have MPEG encoder;
* Conexant [[ivtv devices (cx23415, cx23416)| ivtv]] driver = supports Hauppauge and similar cards based on the cx23415/cx23416 chip. These cards are really good and have an onboard MPEG encoder (both cards) and an MPEG decoder with TV-out (PVR 350 only).
* NXP (Philips semicondutor) [[saa713x devices | saa7134]] driver - stable, good support. A few boards have MPEG encoder. Supports saa7130, saa7131, saa7133, saa7134 and saa7135 devices;
* NXP (Philips semicondutor) [[saa7146 devices | saa7146]] driver - stable.
* [[zoran devices (zr36057, zr36067) | Zoran]] driver - stable.
* [[zr3612x devices | Zoran 36120]] driver - driver broken kernels 2.6. Removed due to that.
* Empia [[Em28xx devices | em28xx]] driver - stable, good support.
* Hauppauge PVR USB2 [[Pvrusb2|pvrusb2]] driver - stable, good support.
* Trident tm5600/tm6000/tm6010 [[Trident TM6000#TM6000 based Devices|tm5600]] driver - currently being developed. Not working yet.
* Nogatech NT1003/1004/1005 [[USBVision devices | usbvision]] driver - stable, good support.


== External Links ==
* [http://linux.bytesex.org/v4l2/ bytesex.org]
* [http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/ Analog TV article]
* [http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Transmission-Systems.html Yet Another Website addressing Analogue TV]
* [[Wikipedia:Analog_television|Wikipedia's Analog TV article]]


[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Technology]]

Latest revision as of 19:48, 18 August 2016

Analogue TV is the predecessor of DVB. It is expected that the various global analogue TV systems will eventually all be replaced in favour of the newer digital TV systems. In some countries, such as Germany for example, analogue TV is no longer available, having been completely replaced by DVB-T (in the case of terrestrial broadcasts). In many other countries, the transition to digital is expected to occur much more slowly, and both analogue and digital TV systems will operate concurrently for some time to come. Yet still, in other countries, the switch to a digital TV system hasn't even begun, or is only in a trial phase, and, thus, an analogue TV system remains the relevant distribution method for transmissions in that locality.

Regardless of the actual schedule or pace for the transition to digital, the analogue TV standards will maintain considerable relevance into the foreseeable future due to their interrelatedness with the analogue outputs found on many types of existing consumer hardware; such as analogue camcorders, VCR/VHS players, most DVD players and so forth. Thus, even when analogue TV tuner devices will eventually only be able to pick up static off the airwaves (i.e. rendered completely obsolete), there will likely still be plenty of interest in using the analogue input signal facilities offered by framegrabber devices.

Analogue TV Standards

ITU-T defines monochrome television systems designated A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N. (A, C, E and F are no longer in use). They are esentially the same, but differ in the number of lines per field (405/525/625/819), frame rate (25/29.97), channel width, visual band width, vestigial band width, video modulation polarity (+/-), sound modulation type (AM/FM) and sound frequency offset (-6.5/-3.5/+4.5/+5.5/+5.996/+6.5/+13.5 MHz).

A summary of the monochromatic standards is provided in the following table:

ITU-R defined video standards
Standard A B C D E F G H I K L M N
Number of lines 405 625 625 625 819 819 625 625 625 625 625 525 625
Field Rate (Hz) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 59.94 50
Frame Rate (Hz) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 29.97 25
Color Subcarrier Frequency

(on associated color std)

- 4.43 MHz - 4.43 MHz - - 4.43 MHz 4.43 MHz 4.43 MHz 4.406 MHz 4.406 MHz 3.579545 MHz (NTSC)
or
3.575611 MHz (PAL)
3.58 MHz
Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 5 7 7 8 14 7 8 8 8 8 8 6 6
Audio modulation AM FM AM FM AM AM FM FM FM FM AM FM FM

A color TV system is obtained by adding a color subcarrier encoded by one of the three color systems: PAL, SECAM or NTSC. Theoretically one can combine any picture system with any color system. In practice only some combinations are used. The frequency of the color subcarrier is generally

Example: PAL-I, the I television system with PAL color is used in Britain.

SECAM

SECAM (Sequential Couleur A Mémoire) is a color standard used on France, Russia, and few countries at Central, East Europe, America, Africa and Asia. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards B, G, D, K and L (so, its typical resolution is 625 Lines, 25 frames per second). See SECAM page on Wikipedia for much more detail.

NTSC

NTSC (National Television System Committee) is used in USA, Canada, and Japan. It is generally associated with monochromatic standard M (NTSC/M), so, its typical resolution is 525 Lines, about 30 frames per second. Less quality than PAL, therefore sometimes called Never Twice the Same Color, since the colors can shift as the phase of the color subcarrier shifts on broadcast. ;-) See NTSC page on Wikipedia for much more detail.

PAL

PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is the most widely used color standard for analog TV in the world, used almost everywhere. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards with a resolution of 625 Lines, 50 half frames per second. It can also be associated with M standard (PAL/M), having a resolution of 525 lines, about 30 frames per second. It is generally associated with 4:3 aspect. There is a 16:9 extension of PAL called PALplus. See PAL page on Wikipedia for much more detail.

Hardware Devices supporting Analog TV and/or Framegrabbing facilities

A large number of devices are supported under Linux with which an analogue source signal (analogue TV transmission or otherwise, such as from an A/V output from a consumer device like a DVD player) can be inputted into a host computer system. Some examples of which can be found under:

  • Conexant (Brooktree) based analog TV cards using the bttv driver - very stable, good support but no hardware MPEG Encoder;
  • Conexant cx18 driver - it is a recent driver. Supports analog and digital TV. It also supports MPEG encoder;
  • Conexant cx88 driver - stable, good support. A few boards have MPEG encoder;
  • Conexant ivtv driver = supports Hauppauge and similar cards based on the cx23415/cx23416 chip. These cards are really good and have an onboard MPEG encoder (both cards) and an MPEG decoder with TV-out (PVR 350 only).
  • NXP (Philips semicondutor) saa7134 driver - stable, good support. A few boards have MPEG encoder. Supports saa7130, saa7131, saa7133, saa7134 and saa7135 devices;
  • NXP (Philips semicondutor) saa7146 driver - stable.
  • Zoran driver - stable.
  • Zoran 36120 driver - driver broken kernels 2.6. Removed due to that.
  • Empia em28xx driver - stable, good support.
  • Hauppauge PVR USB2 pvrusb2 driver - stable, good support.
  • Trident tm5600/tm6000/tm6010 tm5600 driver - currently being developed. Not working yet.
  • Nogatech NT1003/1004/1005 usbvision driver - stable, good support.

External Links