Analog TV: Difference between revisions

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== TV standards ==
== TV standards ==


ITU-T defines ''monochrome'' television systems designated A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N. (A, C, E and F are no longer in use). They are esentially the same, but differ in the number of lines per field (405/525/625/819), frame rate (25/29.97), channel width, visual band width, vestigial band width, video modulation polarity (+/-), sound modulation type (AM/FM) and sound frequency offset (-6.5/-3.5/+4.5/+5.5/+5.996/+6.5/+13.5 MHz).
ITU-T defines ''monochrome'' television systems designated A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N. (A, C, E and F are no longer in use). They are esentially the same, but differ in the number of lines per field (405/525/625/819), frame rate (25/29.97), channel width, visual band width, vestigial band width, video modulation polarity (+/-), sound modulation type (AM/FM) and sound frequency offset (-6.5/-3.5/+4.5/+5.5/+5.996/+6.5/+13.5 MHz).


A summary of the monocromatic standards can be seen on this table:
A summary of the monocromatic standards can be seen on this table:
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| Number of lines || 405 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 819 || 819 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 525 || 625
| Number of lines || 405 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 819 || 819 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 625 || 525 || 625
|-
|-
| Field Rate (Hz) || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 60 || 50
| Field Rate (Hz) || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 50 || 59.94 || 50
|-
|-
| Frame Rate (Hz) || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 30 || 25
| Frame Rate (Hz) || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 25 || 29.97 || 25
|-
|-
| Bandwidth (MHz) || 5 || 7 || 7 || 8 || 14 || 7 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 6 || 6
| Bandwidth (MHz) || 5 || 7 || 7 || 8 || 14 || 7 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 8 || 6 || 6
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=== NTSC ===
=== NTSC ===
NTSC (''National Television System Committee'') is used in USA, Canada, and Japan. It is generally associated with monochromatic standard M (NTSC/M), so, its typical resolution is 525 Lines, 30 frames per second. Less quality then PAL, therefore sometimes called '''Never Twice the Same Color''', since the colors can shift as the phase of the color subcarrier shifts on broadcast. ;-)
NTSC (''National Television System Committee'') is used in USA, Canada, and Japan. It is generally associated with monochromatic standard M (NTSC/M), so, its typical resolution is 525 Lines, about 30 frames per second. Less quality then PAL, therefore sometimes called '''Never Twice the Same Color''', since the colors can shift as the phase of the color subcarrier shifts on broadcast. ;-)
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC NTSC page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.
See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC NTSC page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.


=== PAL ===
=== PAL ===


PAL (''Phase Alternating Line'') is the most widely used color standard for analog TV in the world, used on almost everywhere. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards with resolution of 625 Lines, 50 half frames per second. It can also be associated with M standard (PAL/M), having a resolution of 525 lines, 30 frames per second. It is generally associated with 4:3 aspect. There is a 16:9 extension of PAL called PALplus. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL PAL page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.
PAL (''Phase Alternating Line'') is the most widely used color standard for analog TV in the world, used on almost everywhere. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards with resolution of 625 Lines, 50 half frames per second. It can also be associated with M standard (PAL/M), having a resolution of 525 lines, about 30 frames per second. It is generally associated with 4:3 aspect. There is a 16:9 extension of PAL called PALplus. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL PAL page on Wikipedia] for much more detail.


== Analog TV Hardware and Framegrabber cards ==
== Analog TV Hardware and Framegrabber cards ==

Revision as of 23:51, 27 December 2008

Introduction

Analog TV is the predecessor of DVB. In some countries like Germany Analog TV is not available anymore and is exchanged by DVB-T, in other ones Analog and Digital TV are expected to live in peaceful coexistence for a while. If you own ancient hardware like analog camcorders or want to archive your old VHS archive you may be interested in using an analog framegrabber card in the future, too.

TV standards

ITU-T defines monochrome television systems designated A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N. (A, C, E and F are no longer in use). They are esentially the same, but differ in the number of lines per field (405/525/625/819), frame rate (25/29.97), channel width, visual band width, vestigial band width, video modulation polarity (+/-), sound modulation type (AM/FM) and sound frequency offset (-6.5/-3.5/+4.5/+5.5/+5.996/+6.5/+13.5 MHz).

A summary of the monocromatic standards can be seen on this table:


ITU-R defined video standards

Standard A B C D E F G H I K L M N
Number of lines 405 625 625 625 819 819 625 625 625 625 625 525 625
Field Rate (Hz) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 59.94 50
Frame Rate (Hz) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 29.97 25
Bandwidth (MHz) 5 7 7 8 14 7 8 8 8 8 8 6 6
Audio modulation AM FM AM FM AM AM FM FM FM FM AM FM FM


A color TV system is obtained by adding one of the three color systems: PAL, SECAM or NTSC. Theoretically one can combine any picture system with any color system. In practice only some combinations are used, and one color system is used mostly with one resolution and frame rate. (These are given below.)

Example: PAL-I, the I television system with PAL color is used in Britain.

SECAM

SECAM (Sequential Couleur A Mémoire) is a color standard used on France, Russia, and few countries at Central, East Europe and Asia. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards B, G, D, K and L (so, its typical resolution is 625 Lines, 25 frames per second). See SECAM page on Wikipedia for much more detail.

NTSC

NTSC (National Television System Committee) is used in USA, Canada, and Japan. It is generally associated with monochromatic standard M (NTSC/M), so, its typical resolution is 525 Lines, about 30 frames per second. Less quality then PAL, therefore sometimes called Never Twice the Same Color, since the colors can shift as the phase of the color subcarrier shifts on broadcast. ;-) See NTSC page on Wikipedia for much more detail.

PAL

PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is the most widely used color standard for analog TV in the world, used on almost everywhere. It is generally associated with monochromatic standards with resolution of 625 Lines, 50 half frames per second. It can also be associated with M standard (PAL/M), having a resolution of 525 lines, about 30 frames per second. It is generally associated with 4:3 aspect. There is a 16:9 extension of PAL called PALplus. See PAL page on Wikipedia for much more detail.

Analog TV Hardware and Framegrabber cards

For analog TV you can use

  • Brooktree Bt848/Bt878 based analog TV cards using the bttv driver, good support but no hardware MPEG Encoder
  • Hauppauge PVR 250/350 and similar cards based on the cx23415/cx23416 chip using the ivtv driver, please have a look at Chris Kennedys site. These cards are really good and have an onboard MPEG encoder (both cards) and an MPEG decoder with TV-out (PVR 350 only). Both of them are supported by ivtv. May these forum might be interesting for you too: link
  • Hauppauge PVR cards, the predecessor of that cards mentioned before with an old-style unsupported Visiontech Kfir MPEG hardware encoder. Barely supported under linux with the pvr driver, better check the current project status before you spent too much money for these cards.
  • Hauppauge WinTV USB2 and similar cards with these drivers: link link
  • Conexant 2388x chip (rather new) based cards driver link
  • Zoran based cards like Pinnacle DC10 link

Please also check the video4linux homepage to get a complete overview of TV cards supported by the Video4Linux drivers.

Links to Analog TV related sites