Text capture
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The PAL standard uses teletext, while the NTSC standard uses closed captioning. The various television capture chips implement these technologies in different ways.
Applications
ntsc-cc
The application ntsc-cc handles closed captioning on bttv devices. For ntsc-cc to work, you typically need to be running an application for viewing or recording television, such as xawtv and mencoder. If no such application is running, ntsc-cc tends to produce garbled output.
tvtime support for closed captioning
tvtime has built-in support for closed captioning for bttv and saa7134 cards (also other?).
In early 2004, Kevin Ko wrote a patch with useful comments to tvtime's vbidata.c; see his detailed account and the tvtime bugreport.
Unsupported cards
There is currently no code supporting closed captioning on cx88 cards.